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The Great Lakes from infinite

The Great Lakes of the Laurentian Shield are a group of five large lakes in N America on or near the Canada-United States border. They are the largest group of fresh water lakes on Earth. The Great Lakes-St. Lawrence organization is the largest fresh-water system in the globe, totaling over 94,000 foursquare miles. Sometimes referred to as inland seas, it is estimated that they hold six quadrillion gallons of water; 90 percent of the U.South. supply and twenty percentage of the world'southward supply. In addition to these lakes in themselves, there is a great and vital arrangement of channels connecting them.

Contents

• ane Lakes
• two Geological pre-history
• 3 Economy
  • 3.1 Mod economy
  • 3.2 Passenger traffic
  • 3.3 Shipwrecks
• 4 Political bug
  • 4.1 Corking Lakes h2o use and diversions
  • iv.2 Declension Guard live fire exercises on the Great Lakes
  • 4.3 Restoration
  • 4.4 Additions to the five Great Lakes
• 5 Concerns
  • v.1 Invasive species
  • v.2 Ecological challenges
• half dozen Notes
• seven References
• 8 External links
• ix Credits

Lakes

The five Peachy Lakes of North America are:

• Lake Superior (the largest past volume, surface area, and depth; larger than Scotland or S Carolina)
• Lake Michigan (the 2nd-largest by volume and third-largest by area; the only 1 entirely in the U.Southward.)
• Lake Huron (the tertiary-largest by volume; the second largest in area)
• Lake Erie (the smallest past book and most shallow of all the great lakes)
• Lake Ontario (the second-smallest in book and smallest in area, much lower elevation than the rest)

Map of the Great Lakes/St. Lawrence Watershed

Lakes Michigan and Huron, beingness hydrologically intertwined, are sometimes considered to be one entity: Lake Michigan-Huron. Considered together, Michigan-Huron would be larger in surface area than Lake Superior, but smaller in full water volume.

Lake St. Clair, a much smaller lake, is office of the Nifty Lakes system betwixt Lake Huron and Lake Erie, simply is not considered one of the "Great Lakes." Lake Nipigon is another big lake that is function of the same hydrological system, simply not part of the Great Lakes proper. Other lakes of notable mention that are not considered part of the "Groovy Lakes," but are part of their hydrological system are

• Lake Nipissing
• Lake Simcoe
• Lake Winnebago
• Oneida Lake
• Finger Lakes of Upstate New York, and
• Lake Champlain.

Did you know?

Four of the 5 "Cracking Lakes" of Due north America straddle the U.S.-Canada border; Lake Michigan is entirely within the United States

The arrangement as well includes the rivers that connect the lakes: St. Marys River between Lake Superior and Lake Huron, the Saint Clair River between Lake Huron and Lake Saint Clair, the Detroit River between Lake St. Clair and Lake Erie, and the Niagara River and Niagara Falls, between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. Lake Michigan is continued to Lake Huron through the Straits of Mackinac. Large islands and a peninsula split up Lake Huron into the lake proper and Georgian Bay.

The lakes are bounded by Ontario (all of the lakes except Michigan), Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan (all but Lake Ontario), Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York. Four of the five lakes straddle the U.S.-Canada border; the fifth, Lake Michigan, is entirely within the United States. The Saint Lawrence River, the international edge for part of its class, is a main outlet of these interconnected lakes, and flows through Quebec and past the Gaspé Peninsula to the northern Atlantic Ocean.

The Great Lakes are clearly visible in this satellite image of N America

Sprinkled throughout the lakes are the approximately 35,000 Great Lakes islands, including Manitoulin Island in Lake Huron, the largest island in whatsoever inland body of water (as well home to the world'south largest lake inside a lake: Lake Manitou), and Isle Royale in Lake Superior, the largest island in the largest lake (each isle large enough to itself contain multiple lakes).

Today, 20 percent of the earth'south fresh surface water is contained in the 5 great lakes: 5,472 cubic miles (22,812 km³), or half dozen quadrillion U.S. gallons (22.81 quadrillion liters) in all. It is enough water to cover the face-to-face 48 states to a uniform depth of 9.5 feet (2.9 m). The combined surface expanse of the lakes is 94,250 square miles (244,100 km²)—larger than the states of New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Vermont and New Hampshire combined or the provinces of Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland and Labrador combined.

The Great Lakes' coast measures 10,900 miles (17,549 km) (including islands and connecting channels), nearly as long every bit the total US bounding main coastline (12,383 miles or 19,928 km), including Alaska.

The Saint Lawrence Seaway and Not bad Lakes Waterway connect the Neat Lakes to ocean-going vessels. All the same, the trend to wider ocean-going container ships—which do non fit through the locks on these routes—has express shipping on the lakes. Despite their vast size, large sections of the Great Lakes freeze over in winter, and most aircraft halts during that season. Some icebreakers operate on the lakes.

The lakes affect weather in the region, a phenomenon known as lake event. In wintertime, the wet picked up by the prevailing winds from the w tin produce very heavy snowfall, especially along eastern lakeshores in Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Ontario, and New York. Information technology is not uncommon for heavy snow to occur during completely clear skies because of this phenomenon. The lakes also moderate seasonal temperatures somewhat, by arresting oestrus and cooling the air in summer, and so slowly radiating that rut in autumn. This temperature buffering produces areas known equally "fruit belts," where fruit typically grown farther south can exist produced in commercial quantities. The eastern shore of Lake Michigan and the southern shore of Lake Erie are dwelling house to many wineries too as a result of this, equally is the Niagara Peninsula between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. A similar phenomenon occurs in the Finger Lakes region of New York in the form of fog, particularly along the shorelines of those lakes. This is about noticeable along Lake Superior'south shores, due to its maritime climate.

The Nifty Lakes accept been known to strengthen storms, such as Hurricane Hazel in 1954, and a frontal arrangement in 2007 that spawned a few tornadoes in Michigan and Ontario, picking upward the warmth and free energy from the lakes to fuel them. In 1996, a rare subtropical whirlwind formed in Lake Huron, dubbed the 1996 Lake Huron cyclone.

Geological pre-history

The Bang-up Lakes were formed at the end of the last ice age well-nigh ten,000 years agone, when the Laurentide ice canvass receded. When this happened, the glaciers left behind a big amount of meltwater which filled up the basins that the glaciers had carved, thus creating the Slap-up Lakes as nosotros know them today. Because of the uneven nature of glacier erosion, some higher hills became Bully Lakes islands. The Niagara Escarpment follows the profile of the Keen Lakes between New York and Wisconsin – Herbert Simon called this escarpment "the spinal cord of my native land."

Economy

The lakes are extensively used for transport, though cargo traffic has decreased considerably in contempo years. The Peachy Lakes Waterway makes each of the lakes accessible.

During settlement, the Great Lakes and its rivers were the only practical means of moving people and freight. Anything and everything floated on the lakes. Some concluded up on the bottom because of storms, fires, collisions and underwater hazards. Barges from heart North America were able to reach the Atlantic Ocean from the Great Lakes when the Erie Canal opened in 1825. Past 1848, with the opening of the Illinois and Michigan Culvert at Chicago, direct admission to the Mississippi River was possible from the lakes. With these two canals an all-inland water route was created between New York City and New Orleans.

The main business organisation of many of the passenger lines in the 1800s was transporting immigrants. Many of the larger cities owe their existence to their positions on the lakes every bit a freight destination as well as for existence a magnet for immigrants. These clearing routes still take an effect today. Immigrants oftentimes formed their ain communities and some areas accept a pronounced ethnicity, predominantly Dutch, German, Polish, Finnish, amongst others.

Since general freight these days is transported by railroads and trucks, domestic ships mostly move bulk cargoes, similar atomic number 26 ore and its derivatives, coal, and limestone for the steel industry. The domestic majority freight developed considering of the nearby mines. It was more economical to transport the raw materials for steel to centralized plants rather than forge steel at the mine sites. Components for steel, however, are not the only majority shipments; grain exports are also a major shipping commodity on the lakes.

In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, fe and other ores such equally copper were shipped south on (downbound ships) and supplies, food staples, and coal were shipped north (upbound). Because of the location of the coal fields in Pennsylvania and West Virginia, and the general northeast track of the Appalachian Mountains, railroads naturally developed shipping routes that went north to ports such equally Erie, Pennsylvania and Ashtabula, Ohio.

Considering the lake maritime community developed largely independently, information technology has its ain language. Ships, no matter the size, are referred to as boats. When the sailing ships gave way to steamships, they were called steamboats—the same term used on the Mississippi. The ships also have a distinctive design. Ships that primarily trade on the lakes are known as lakers. Ocean-going vessels are known as salties.

I of the more common sights on the lakes is the one,000 by 305 foot (105 by 32 meter), 60,000 Usa long tons (61,000 metric metric tons) self-unloader. This is a laker with a huge conveyor belt system that tin can unload itself by swinging a crane over the side. Today, the Slap-up Lakes fleet is much smaller in numbers than information technology once was because of the increased utilize of overland freight and the use of larger ships replacing the need for many smaller ships.

Modern economy

Wolfe Islander 3, Kingston, Ontario

The Peachy Lakes have been used as a major mode of transport for bulk goods starting in 1697 with the brigantine Le Griffon. Commissioned by René Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, the transport was congenital at Cayuga Creek, almost the southern end of the Niagara River and became the offset sailing ship to travel the upper Corking Lakes.

In 2002, 162 million net tons of dry bulk cargo were moved on the Lakes. This was, in gild of volume: iron ore, coal, stone, grain, table salt, cement, and potash. The iron ore and much of the rock and coal are used in the steel industry. There is besides some shipping of liquid and containerized cargo just most container ships are too broad to laissez passer through the locks on the Saint Lawrence Seaway. The total amount of shipping on the lakes has been on a downwardly trend for several years.

Recreational boating and tourism are major industries on the Great Lakes. A few small cruise ships operate on the Lakes including several sailing ships. Sport line-fishing, commercial fishing, and Native American fishing represent a United states of america$4 billion a twelvemonth industry with salmon, whitefish, smelt, lake trout, and walleye being major catches.

The Neat Lakes are used to supply drinking water to tens of millions of people in bordering areas. This valuable resource is collectively administered by the land and provincial governments bordering the lakes.

Passenger traffic

Several ferries operate on the Smashing Lakes to carry passengers to various islands, including Isle Royale, Pelee Island, Mackinac Isle, Beaver Island, both Bois Blanc Islands, Kelleys Island, South Bass Island, North Manitou Island, Southward Manitou Island, Harsens Island, Manitoulin Isle, and the Toronto Islands. Every bit of 2007, ii car ferry services cross the Keen Lakes, both on Lake Michigan: a steamer from Ludington, Michigan to Manitowoc, Wisconsin and a high speed catamaran from Milwaukee to Muskegon, Michigan. An international ferry crossing Lake Ontario from Rochester, New York to Toronto ran during 2004 and 2005, only is no longer in operation.

Shipwrecks

Travel on the Lakes has been risky. Because of the immense size of the Lakes, at that place are vast stretches of open water without sight of land. The Lakes are sometimes referred to equally inland seas.

Many thousands of ships take sunk in these waters. Storms and unseen reefs are a frequent threat. An estimated 6,000 to ten,000 vessels have sunk or been stranded since the early on 1800s, many with partial or full loss of crew. The Lakes are prone to sudden and astringent storms, particularly in the autumn, from late October until early December. The Bully Lakes Tempest of 1913 is the worst tempest on these waters on tape: at least 12 ships sank, and 31 more were stranded on rocks and beaches. At to the lowest degree 248 sailors lost their lives over that weekend. The SS Edmund Fitzgerald, which sank November x, 1975, was the last major freighter lost on the lakes, sinking almost 20 miles off Whitefish Point in Lake Superior with all 29 crew members lost.

The greatest concentration of these wrecks lies nearly Thunder Bay (Michigan), in Lake Huron, near the signal where eastbound and westbound shipping lanes converge. Today there is a U.Southward. NOAA Marine Archeology Research Station located in the Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary. Here divers can explore more 200 shipwrecks that grade one of the about concentrated and best preserved maritime archeology sites in the world.

For many years in the late 1700s and early on 1800s, wars were fought over the control of the Lakes and many warships were built for the inland seas, ranging from small and swift sloops-of-war to three-deckers capable of standing in any line of boxing. The Rush-Bagot Agreement of 1817 limits the number of armed vessels permitted on the Slap-up Lakes.

Political issues

Bang-up Lakes h2o use and diversions

The International Joint Commission was established in 1909 to help prevent and resolve disputes relating to the use and quality of boundary waters, and to advise Canada and the Us on questions related to water resources. Concerns over diversion of Great Lakes' water are of concern to both Americans and Canadians. Some h2o is diverted through the Chicago River to operate the Illinois Waterway but the flow is limited by treaty. Possible schemes for bottled water plants and diversion to dry out regions of the continent raise concerns. Diversion of water from the Not bad Lakes basin requires the approval of all eight Neat Lakes governors, which rarely occurs. International treaties regulate big diversions. In 1998, the Canadian company Nova Group won approving from the Province of Ontario to withdraw 158,000,000 US gallons (600,000 thou³) of Lake Superior h2o annually to send by tanker to Asian countries. Public outcry forced the visitor to abandon the programme before it began. Since that time, the eight Great Lakes Governors and the Premiers of Ontario and Quebec have negotiated the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River Basin Sustainable Water Resources Agreement^[one] and the Not bad Lakes-St. Lawrence River Basin Water Resources Compact^[two] that would prevent almost time to come diversion proposals and all long-distance ones. The agreements too strengthen protection against calumniating water withdrawal practices within the Great Lakes basin. On December 13, 2005, the Governors and Premiers signed these ii agreements: the offset is between all ten jurisdictions. Information technology is somewhat more than detailed and protective, but cannot exist enforced in court because enforcement arrangements can exist made just between the federal governments. The second is exclusively amid the U.S. states, which, if canonical by all eight country legislatures that edge the Cracking Lakes and the U.S. Congress, could be enforced in U.S. federal court.

Declension Guard live burn exercises on the Great Lakes

In August of 2006 the United states of america Coast Guard published a notice in the Federal Register that they intended to designate 34 areas in U.S. portions of the Great Lakes including fourteen in Lake Michigan, at least five miles offshore as permanent rubber zones for live–burn down machine–gun practise. The USCG reserved the right to hold target practise whenever the weather allowed, with a ii-hour find. These firing ranges would exist open to the public when not in use.

On December 18, 2006 the Declension Baby-sit announced its decision to withdraw the "Notice of Proposed Rulemaking" to institute 34 safety zones for live-burn down training on the Great Lakes. Officials said they would look into culling armament, modifying the proposed zones, and have more public dialogue before proposing a new plan.^[3]

Restoration

In the U.S., the Great Lakes Collaboration Implementation Deed establishes priority recommendations of a The states$20 billion Great Lakes clean-up program released in December as part of the Great Lakes Regional Collaboration, created by President Bush in 2004. A bipartisan grouping of US legislators introduced the bill, including U.S. Senators Mike DeWine (R-Ohio) and Carl Levin (D-Michigan) and Reps. Vern Ehlers (R-Yard Rapids) and Rahm Emanuel (D-Chicago). The Great Lakes Collaboration Implementation Human activity would:

• Stop the introduction and spread of aquatic invasive species by enacting a comprehensive national program.
• Prevent the Asian carp from entering the Great Lakes past authorizing the Corps of Engineers to maintain and operate the dispersal barrier on the Chicago Sanitary and Send Canal, and prohibit the importation and sale of Asian carp.
• Restore fish and wild fauna habitat by reauthorizing the Great Lakes Fish & Wild animals Restoration Act at $20 million.
• Prevent sewage contamination by reauthorizing the State Revolving Loan Fund and provide $20 billion over five years to assistance communities nationally with improving their wastewater infrastructure.
• Clean upwards contaminated sediment under the Swell Lakes Legacy Deed by authorizing $150 million per year.
• Phase out mercury in products by establishing a new grant plan and improving existing research programs.
• Coordinate and meliorate Great Lakes programs by establishing the Great Lakes Interagency Task Force and the Great Lakes Regional Collaboration process.

The Healing Our Waters - Nifty Lakes Coalition has formed to aid groups and citizens across the United States advocate for restoring the health of the Groovy Lakes.

Additions to the five Groovy Lakes

Lake Champlain, on the border betwixt upstate New York and northwestern Vermont, briefly became labeled past the U.S. regime every bit the sixth "Great Lake of the United States" on March half-dozen, 1998 when President Clinton signed Senate Pecker 927. This bill, which reauthorized the National Sea Grant Program, contained a line by Senator Patrick Leahy (D-VT) declaring Lake Champlain to be a Great Lake. Not coincidentally, this status allows neighboring states to employ for additional federal research and education funds allocated to these national resources. The merits was viewed with some amusement by other countries, particularly in the Canadian media; the lake is minor compared to other Canadian lakes (such every bit Slap-up Acquit Lake with over 27 times more surface surface area). Following a pocket-sized uproar (and several New York Times articles), the Great Lake condition was rescinded on before long afterward, although Vermont universities continue to receive funds to monitor and study the lake.

Similarly, there has been interest in making Lake St. Clair a Great Lake. In Oct, 2002, backers planned to present such a proposal at the Great Lakes Committee annual meeting, simply ultimately withheld it as it appeared to have niggling support.

Concerns

Invasive species

The Smashing Lakes accept suffered from the introduction of many not-native species. Since the 1800s, more than than 300 invasive or non-native species have invaded the Bully Lakes ecosystem from effectually the globe, causing severe economic and ecological impacts. "Over 160 invasive species threaten the ecological remainder of the Lakes. They deprive fish of food, crusade blooms of toxic algae, and foul boats, spawning areas and drinking water intakes. On boilerplate ane new invasive enters the Great Lakes every eight months." ^[four]

Zebra mussel infestations in the Great Lakes and inland waters illustrate the severity of the issues stemming from invasive species introduction and spread. This non-indigenous mollusk is an efficient filter feeder that competes with native mussels and impacts fish populations by reducing food and available spawning habitat. The utility and manufacturing industries effectually the region, depending on Peachy Lakes water for production, expend substantial time and coin cleaning intake and discharge pipes clogged past the zebra mussel. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service estimates the economic bear on to these industries to be US$5 billion dollars over the next decade. ^[5]

Approximately ten percent of non-indigenous aquatic species introduced into the Swell Lakes take had meaning economic and ecological impacts. The remaining 90 percentage have potentially harmful impacts but are insufficiently researched and understood. Besides the zebra mussel, several other species have been peculiarly harmful. The invasion of the body of water lamprey, a parasite that attaches to large fish with a sucker rima oris armed with teeth consumes flesh and fluid from its casualty, resulting in substantial economical losses to recreational and commercial fisheries. Control of sea lamprey predation requires annual expenditures of millions of dollars.

Alewife, introduced through Great Lakes canal systems, litter beaches each spring and alter nutrient webs, causing increased water turbidity. These impacts have subsided with the introduction of salmonids that were stocked as predators to keep alewife populations under control. The ruffe, a small percid fish, became the most abundant fish species in Lake Superior'due south St. Louis River within five years of its detection in 1986. Its range, which has expanded to Lake Huron, poses a significant threat to the lower lake fishery. 5 years after first being observed in the Saint Clair River, the circular goby can now be found in all of the Peachy Lakes. The goby is considered undesirable for several reasons: It preys upon bottom-feeding fishes, overruns optimal habitat, spawns multiple times a flavor, and can survive poor water quality atmospheric condition. ^{[half dozen]}

A more contempo threat to Lake Michigan fisheries is viral hemorrhagic septicemia, an introduced pathogen that tin can survive upwards to xiv days in lake water, infecting any fish that come in contact with information technology.

An electric fence has been set up across the rima oris of the Chicago Germ-free and Ship Canal in order to continue several invasive species of Asian carp out of Lake Michigan. The carp have voracious appetites and feed upon native fish species. They can grow to 90 pounds (kg) and nearly iv feet (12 m) long. ^[7] The barrier is not in utilize at this fourth dimension every bit bug of controlling the current in the canal are not yet resolved.

At to the lowest degree thirty percentage of all invasive species were introduced into the Great Lakes in ballast water of cargo and other ships. The U.S. Coast Guard has instituted rules requiring the commutation of ballast water or sealing of ballast tanks on all ship traffic in the Lakes. Federal and state efforts to regulate ballast water accept made progress in slowing the introduction of new species to the Great Lakes.^[8]

Ecological challenges

Earlier the arrival of Europeans, the lakes provided fish to the native groups who lived virtually them. Early European settlers were astounded past both the variety and quantity of fish. Historically, fish populations were the early indicator of the status of the Lakes, and have remained ane of the central indicators even in our technological era of sophisticated analyses and measuring instruments. According to the bi-national (U.Due south. and Canadian) resource book, The Cracking Lakes: An Ecology Atlas and Resource Volume, "the largest Smashing Lakes fish harvests were recorded in 1889 and 1899 at some 67,000 metric tons (147 million pounds)," though ecology impacts on the fish tin exist traced back most a century prior to those years.

For example, by 1801, New York legislators found it necessary to pass regulations curtailing obstructions to the natural migrations of Atlantic salmon from Lake Erie into their spawning channels. In the early nineteenth century, Upper Canada's government institute it necessary to innovate like legislation prohibiting the utilise of weirs and nets at the mouths of Lake Ontario's tributaries. Other protective legislation was passed as well, but enforcement remained difficult.

On both sides of the US-Canada border, the proliferation of dams and impoundments multiplied, necessitating more regulatory efforts. There was a marked decline in fish populations by the middle of the nineteenth century. The decline in salmon was recognized past Canadian officials and was reported as to have about disappeared past the stop of the 1860s. The Wisconsin Fisheries Commission noted a reduction of roughly 25 percent in general fish harvests by 1875. Dams were preventing sturgeon spawning besides. Many Michigan rivers sport multiple dams that range from mere relics to those that seriously impact fish. The State's dam removal budget has been frozen in recent years. In the 1990s the state was removing 1 dam per year.

Overfishing was cited as responsible for the decline of the population of various whitefish, an of import nutrient source with economic consequences. Betwixt 1879 and 1899, reported whitefish harvests declined from some 24.three million pounds (11 million kg) to but over ix million pounds (four million kg). Recorded sturgeon catches fell from 7.8 million pounds (1.5 million kg) in 1879 to 1.seven million pounds (770,000 kg) in 1899. Giant fresh water mussels were wiped out by early Great Lakes entrepreneurs.

There were other factors contributing to the declines besides overfishing and the problems posed past dams and other obstructions. Logging in the region removed tree cover near stream channels which provide spawning grounds, and this affected necessary shade and temperature-moderating weather. Removal of tree comprehend also destabilized soil, allowing it to exist carried in greater quantity into the streambeds, and brought about more frequent flooding. Running cut logs down the Lakes' tributary rivers stirred bottom sediments. In 1884, the New York Fish Commission determined that the dumping of sawmill waste (fries and sawdust) was impacting fish populations. According to the authoritative bi-national source The Great Lakes: An Environmental Atlas and Resource Book, "Simply pockets remain of the in one case large commercial fishery."

The influx of parasitic lamprey populations, after the development of the Erie Canal and the much later Welland Culvert, led to the U.S. and Canadian governments attempting to work together – which proved a very complicated and troubled road. Unfortunately, despite the ever more sophisticated efforts to eliminate or minimize the lamprey populations, by the mid 1950s the lake trout populations of Lake Michigan and Lake Huron were reduced by about 99 pct, largely due to the lamprey's predation. The Great Lakes Fishery Commission was an outgrowth of the efforts to control the lamprey.

Other ecological problems in the Lakes and their surroundings accept stemmed from urban sprawl, sewage disposal, and toxic industrial effluent. These as well affect aquatic food bondage and fish populations. Some of these glaring problem areas attracted high-level publicity of Corking Lakes' ecological troubles in the 1960s and 1970s. Testify of chemical pollution in the Lakes and their tributaries at present stretches back for decades. In the late 1960s, the recurrent phenomenon of stretches of the Cuyahoga River in Ohio catching fire from a combination of oil, chemicals, and combustible materials floating on the water's surface defenseless the attention of a more environmentally aware public. Some other aspect that caught popular attending was the "toxic blobs" (expanses of lake bed covered by diverse combinations of solvents, wood preservatives, coal tar, and metals) found in Lake Superior, the Saint Clair River, and other areas of the Great Lakes region.

Notes

1. ↑ Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River Basin Sustainable Water Resources Agreement December 13, 2005. Retrieved January 27, 2020.
2. ↑ Dandy Lakes-St. Lawrence River Basin Water Resources Compact Dec 13, 2005. Retrieved January 27, 2020.
3. ↑ Deborah Weisberg, Line-fishing: Declension Guard reloads on firing range, Pittsburgh Mail-Gazette, Dec 24, 2006. Retrieved January 27, 2020.
4. ↑ Invasive species threaten Great Lakes: report CBC News, June 11, 2007. Retrieved Jan 27, 2020.
5. ↑ Keen Lakes Aquatic Nuisance Species Swell Lakes Commission, March 27, 2007. Retrieved Jan 27, 2020.
6. ↑ Invasive Species Great Lakes Region, NOAA. Retrieved Jan 27, 2020.
7. ↑ Corps of Engineers is going fishing Northwest Indiana Times, March 17, 2004. Retrieved January 27, 2020.
8. ↑ Great Lakes freighters may have to treat anchor h2o to adjourn invasive species MPR News, Baronial 27, 2019. Retrieved January 27, 2020.

References

ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

• Dempsey, Dave. On the brink: the Great Lakes in the 21st century. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 2004. ISBN 9780870137051
• Rodgers, Bradley A. Guardian of the Smashing Lakes: The U.S. Paddle Frigate Michigan. University of Michigan Press, 1996. ISBN 978-0472096077
• Shear, Harvey, Kent Fuller, and Jennifer Wittig. The Swell Lakes: An environmental atlas and resource book. Toronto: Govt. of Canada, 1995. ISBN 9780662234418

External links

All links retrieved January 24, 2020.

• The Great Lakes. United States Environmental Protection Agency.
• Great Lakes. The Nature Conservancy.
• Alliance for the Great Lakes

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